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Adaptive Channel-Tracking Method and Equalization for MC-CDMA Systems over Rapidly Fading Channel under Colored Noise
EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing volume 2010, Article number: 871650 (2010)
Abstract
A recursive maximum-likelihood (RML) algorithm for channel estimation under rapidly fading channel and colored noise in a multicarrier code-division multiple-access (MC-CDMA) system is proposed in this paper. A moving-average model with exogenous input (MAX) is given to describe the transmission channel and colored noise. Based on the pseudoregression method, the proposed RML algorithm can simultaneously estimate the parameters of channel and colored noise. Following the estimation results, these parameters can be used to enhance the minimum mean-square error (MMSE) equalizer. Considering high-speed mobile stations, a one-step linear trend predictor is added to improve symbol detection. Simulation results indicate that the proposed RML estimator can track the channel more precisely than the conventional estimator. Meanwhile, the performance of the proposed enhanced MMSE equalizer is robust to the rapidly Rayleigh fading channel under colored noise in the MC-CDMA systems.
1. Introduction
The direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) technique has already been successfully implemented for third generation (3G) mobile communication systems [1–3]. Its utilization of channel bandwidth is efficient. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a parallel transmission technique and has been adopted in IEEE802.16 [4, 5]. It can overcome the delay spread and spectrum efficiency in wireless communication systems. The idea of integrating the merits of both OFDM and CDMA schemes, known as multicarrier-CDMA (MC-CDMA), has attracted significant research interest recently. The MC-CDMA system is a candidate technique for the next generation mobile communication system.
The MC-CDMA system divides the available bandwidth into a large number of narrow subchannels [6–8] and spreads each data symbol in the frequency domain by transmitting all the chips of a spread symbol at the same time, but in different orthogonal subchannels. One of the properties of multicarrier transmission is that the channel gain of each subchannel is different from the others. Since the MC-CDMA systems spread transmitted symbols in a nonflat fading channel, the inner product of different spreading codes will no longer be zero. This leads to the loss of orthogonality between different users. The multiple access interference (MAI) is introduced and the performance will be severely degraded in this situation. In order to preserve the orthogonality between different users, channel impairment should be estimated precisely and equalized efficiently. Earlier works [9–11] for MC-CDMA detectors made the assumption that the channel is perfectly known at the receiver. Recently, the impact of channel-estimation errors on the performance of MC-CDMA detectors has attracted much interest, and different approaches have been adopted for channel estimation and tracking. The pilot-symbol-aided channel-estimation methods in both time and frequency domains have been proposed [12–14], where the estimated channel coefficients are then obtained through the two-dimensional (2D) linear filtering. Other approaches [15, 16] consider an explicit channel estimation based on channel sounding in which a "train of pulses'' spaced by the maximum delay spread of the channel is transmitted instead. A multiple channel model, which includes several possible channel models based on the different ranges of Doppler frequencies (or mobile velocities), is constructed to treat the time-varying fading channel [17]. In addition, a decision-directed channel estimation in the frequency domain using Kalman-based filter has been proposed [18].
Although the MC-CDMA scheme is superior to noise and interference suppression, some papers [19, 20] have indicated that the narrowband interference (NBI) could affect its performance. The bandwidth of NBI does not exceed one subchannel. NBI is caused by intended jamming and some narrowband services. It can be considered as one kind of colored noise which has nonflat power spectral density and has been analyzed in [21, 22]. NBI can be eliminated by notch filters in the CDMA systems [23–27]. The channel parameters are then estimated after despreading. But in the MC-CDMA systems, the objective of channel estimation is to make the gain of each subchannel equal for despreading. That is, the channel estimation and equalization should be done before despreading. Therefore, the notch filter will destruct the orthogonality and is not feasible for MC-CDMA systems. The frequency-domain channel-estimation methods in the MC-CDMA systems will fail if the channel contains colored noise. It is because the colored noise can be considered as a white noise in each subchannel but with different power. When those pilot subcarriers suffer from noise with large power, the estimation results are no longer reliable and the performance degrades due to the loss of orthogonality between different users. Conventional estimation methods [28] are also unsuitable for channel estimation under colored noise because they will lead to a biased estimate due to the dependence between the residue and regression signal.
A channel-estimation algorithm for MC-CDMA systems under colored noise is proposed in this paper. It is derived based on the recursive maximum likelihood (RML) algorithm. It can jointly estimate the parameters of channel and colored noise in the time domain. A moving-average model with exogenous input (MAX) is used to describe the dynamics of channel and colored noise (or NBI). The colored noise is modeled as a moving-average (MA) process with a driving white noise. Since the driving white noise is unavailable, it is difficult to estimate the parameters of colored noise in the real time for precise channel estimation. The proposed method uses the estimated residue instead of the driving white noise to overcome this problem. After the channel parameters are estimated, they are fed to the minimum mean-square error (MMSE) detector to improve the performance of equalization.
The most important contribution of the proposed method is that the channel impulse response (CIR), the parameters of colored noise, and the power of the driving noise in the MC-CDMA systems can be simultaneously estimated in real time. Since the proposed method works in the time domain, it can significantly reduce the number of the estimated parameters compared with the methods in the frequency domain. For example, the number of the estimation algorithms in [18], which works in the frequency domain, should be 512 if there are 512 subchannels. Its computation algorithm is more complicated. But only an algorithm is needed for the channel estimation, no matter how many subchannels the MC-CDMA system has. However, the channel-parameter estimation in the time domain is easily deteriorated by colored noise. The proposed RML algorithm can overcome this problem with a simple scheme. Based on the estimation results, an enhanced MMSE equalizer is employed for symbol detection. The performance is demonstrated by the computer simulations.
This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, the MC-CDMA system is described. The proposed RML channel estimator is introduced in Section 3. The decision-directed channel-tracking process and the design of enhanced MMSE detector for the proposed method are presented in Section 4. The computer simulations of the adaptive MC-CDMA detector are presented and compared in Section 5, and the conclusions are summarized in Section 6. In what follows, 
denotes the transpose of 
, and 
denotes the Hermitian of 
. 
denotes the circular convolution.
2. MC-CDMA Communication System
This section describes the models of the transmitter and receiver in an MC-CDMA system with 
subchannels and 
users. The 
th multicarrier block symbol (duration 
) for user 
is formed by taking 
symbols 
in parallel, which are spread by the user's spreading code 
with length 
. Thus, the 
spread symbols are placed into 
available subchannels. The transmitter's block diagram is shown in Figure 1. In the rest of this paper, for simplicity of notation, we concentrate only on the case where each user transmits one symbol (
) in each MC-CDMA block symbol. The transmitted symbol is simply represented as 
for user 
. Therefore, the total number of subchannels is 
.
Block diagram of the MC-CDMA transmitter.
2.1. Model of Transmitter
The Walsh-Hadamard spread code 
for user 
with length 
is
where 
and
The 
th symbols with spread sequence of all 
users transmitted on the 
th subchannel can be written as
for 
. The signal 
is then translated by the multicarrier modulation (i.e., IDFT), and the OFDM symbol 
is produced as follows (see Figure 1):
for 
. A guard interval is inserted between successive OFDM symbols to avoid the ISI effects by using a cyclic prefix technique [29]. After the parallel-to-serial conversion, the combination of the cyclic prefix with the IDFT output sequence is given by
for 
, where the subscript 
and superscript 
denote the 
th signal block with a guard interval. Thus, the total MC-CDMA symbol duration is 
, where 
is the guard interval duration and 
is the sampling time. The value of 
is larger or equal to the maximum multipath delay spread 
of the channel, and is small in respect to 
(a useful OFDM symbol duration) to limit the spectral efficiency loss.
2.2. Model of Receiver
In the downlink case, all users' transmitting signals are synchronous and experience the same Rayleigh fading channel. The received signal of the 
th MC-CDMA symbol is given by
for 
, where 
and 
denote the 
th path sample of the complex time-varying fading channel with length 
and the additive colored noise at the 
th instant of the 
th MC-CDMA block symbol, respectively. For a high data-rate transmission, it is reasonably assumed that the channel is time invariant during one MC-CDMA block symbol interval 
[18], that is, 
for 
. The index 
of 
would be ignored in this case and can be simply rewritten as 
. However, channel variation during the successive symbol intervals is allowed. After removing the guard interval from (6), the received signal can be described as
for 
. Since 
is a colored noise, it can be modeled by an MA process
where 
is a driving noise modeled as zero-mean white-Gaussian process with variance 
, and 
is the coefficient of the 
th tap at the 
th symbol period. The parameters 
can be set to 0 for 
if the additive noise is white. After passing through DFT, the received signal on the 
th subchannel 
is
where
, and 
is the frequency-domain noise. The covariance of 
can be expressed as
Because the term 
, due to colored noise, may be large at some 
and 
, the frequency-domain pilot-aided channel estimation for 
is not reliable if the interference power 
is high at that subchannel. Therefore, it is not easy to estimate channel 
accurately from the received signal 
in the frequency domain. Furthermore, if the number of subchannels is large, many parameters need to be estimated. An RML method is proposed to jointly estimate the coefficients of channel and colored noise in (7) and (8) by the time-domain method via a pseudoregression scheme in the next section. An MMSE detector is designed based on the estimated coefficients to compensate the effects of the colored noise.
3. RML Channel Estimation in the Training Mode
The proposed RML channel estimator is developed to eliminate the effect of colored noise in this section. It works in the time domain, that is, the channel is estimated before DFT. Combining (7) and (8), the receiving signal 
can be expressed as
where
The description of the transmission system in (12) is called an MAX model. It is a simple form of ARMAX model [30]. Since the driving noise 
is white, the covariance matrix of the driving noise 
is 
and assumed to be unknown at the receiver, where 
. The parameters 
should be estimated in the colored noise case to obtain accurate channel model, that is, the parameters of the channel model and colored noise will be simultaneously estimated from (12). However, the regression vector 
contains noises 
, which are unavailable and should be replaced by pseudoregression vector in the sequel.
Formulation of a maximum-likelihood channel-estimation problem involves the derivation of a likelihood function 
,
or the log-likelihood function
where
Since the noise 
is assumed as a zero-mean white-Gaussian process and its variance 
is unknown, (15) will be replaced by the following log-likelihood function:
where
The maximum-likelihood parameter estimation is to specify 
and 
to maximize the log-likelihood function in (17). Using the least-square (LS) criteria, we get the following estimation [28]:
Therefore, the maximum-likelihood parameter estimation can be obtained. But there are still two problems. One is that the noise components of 
that is, 
are unavailable. The other is that the parameter estimation in (19) is in block form, which is not suitable for real-time design in the MC-CDMA communication systems. A recursive parameter estimation for (19) and an estimate for noise sequence 
are necessary in this situation.
The recursive maximum likelihood (RML) method is proposed via pseudolinear regression method in the following equation [28]:
which is the modified formulation of recursive least square (RLS) method with a forgetting factor 
for improving the rate of convergence in the time-varying channel. Originally, the regression vector 
used for recursive estimation is
It, of course, cannot be implemented since the driving noise 
is unavailable by measurement. From (12), we get 
. Therefore, the residue 
,
can be an estimate of 
That means the noise components of 
can be substituted by their residues. The regression vector 
should be modified to the following at each recursive step in (20),
The vector in (23) is called the pseudoregression vector because noise component of the desired regression vector is replaced by the estimated residues. The proposed RML estimation algorithm is in the form of RLS algorithm but is more powerful than the conventional RLS in the colored noise case. Finally, the estimate of the variance of driving noise is derived by using the residues in each recursion:
4. Adaptive Channel Tracking and Prediction in the Tracking Mode
Since the wireless mobile channel is time varying, the channel model must be tracked continuously at the receiver for the correct data detection. The proposed RML algorithm in the previous section assumes the transmitted signal 
can be obtained. This is only true in the training mode, but the transmitted signal is unknown for receiver in the tracking mode. Therefore, the detected data will be fed to the RML estimator to replace the transmitted signal for channel estimation. This is the so-called decision-directed channel estimation.
4.1. Decision-Directed Algorithm in the Tracking Mode
In this subsection, an adaptive decision-directed channel-estimation algorithm in the time domain is developed. The conventional channel-estimation methods for multicarrier transmission systems are equipped with pilots in the frequency domain, which is spaced by coherence bandwidth. When colored noise or NBI exists, the noise can be considered as white noise but with different powers in each subchannel after DFT conversion at the receiver. As a result, the pilot-symbol-aided channel-estimation methods [12, 13] are no longer reliable because some pilot subcarriers suffer from white noise with large power. Another drawback of these methods is the occupancy of bandwidth, which is a valuable resource for the service providers. Decision-directed channel tracking is a solution to this problem since it does not need any bandwidth and has a good performance in the well-known channel [18]. But the parameters of channel and colored noise are usually time varying. Therefore, the proposed RML method is modified here for channel tracking.
The data-flow diagram of the proposed decision-directed algorithm is shown in Figure 2. The detected symbol 
is used instead of the transmitted signal 
to identify the channel (since the MMSE data detection scheme is introduced in Section 4.3, it is assumed in this subsection that 
is available). Therefore, the parameters related to 
in the RML algorithm should be regenerated from 
:
Thus, the regression vector in the channel-parameter-tracking method is modified as
Based on the RML algorithm in (20), the following channel-parameter-tracking scheme is proposed:
and the variance of driving noise is calculated as
The initial condition 
is equal to 
which is the latest channel estimation of the previous MC-CDMA symbol and 
is the number of the recursion in one symbol duration. In what follows, 
is equal to 
.
Block diagram of the decision-directed channel-tracking algorithm.
Since the transmitted signal 
is unavailable for receiver in the tracking mode, the regenerated signal 
from the detected data 
in (25) is directly replaced for parameter tracking. In this way, the current channel-parameter tracking is done after the current data detection. However, the MMSE data detection needs to have the current channel parameters. This is a delay problem of the decision-directed channel-tracking scheme. A conventional decision-directed scheme [18] adopts the previous estimates 
for the current MMSE data detection 
, based on the assumption that the channel variation is slow. However, when the channel variation is fast, the previous estimates will not be suitable for the current data detection. In order to design MMSE detector at time 
, the parameter 
must be predicted from the previous parameter-estimation results to overcome the delay problem of the decision-directed channel-tracking scheme. Thus, a linear trend predictor is developed to predict one-step ahead channel for improving the performance of data detection in the following subsection.
4.2. Linear Trend Channel Predictor
When the mobile station moves with high velocity and the symbol duration is long, the channel will vary significantly from time 
to 
. Since the decision-directed channel-tracking scheme is used, the current channel parameters 
are predicted for the current MMSE data detection. The simplest channel predictor is formulated from the previous two estimated channel parameters, 
and 
, with linear extrapolation. An m-step linear trend predictor is formulated as
where
In the case of 
, that is, the one-step linear trend predictor is given by
or
where
Performance of the MMSE detector can be improved with the reliable channel-parameter prediction, and so the one-step parameter prediction in (32) will be used for MMSE detector with a decision-directed channel-tracking scheme in the sequel.
4.3. Enhanced MMSE Equalizer for Symbol Detection
A decision-directed channel-tracking algorithm based on the proposed RML method and a simple one-step ahead channel predictor have been developed to overcome the delay effect of the decision-directed scheme under fast fading channel. The MMSE detector using the proposed channel-tracking algorithm is employed now. Before starting the design of MMSE detector, it is necessary to express the received signal 
in (9) with a matrix form by taking the 
consecutive subcarriers for the further development:
where
The parameters predicted by the RML-based tracking algorithm in association with the one-step linear trend predictor are used for the MMSE detector. Since the RML-based tracking algorithm can also estimate the parameters of colored noise, the performance of MMSE detector could be enhanced with this information. In consequence, the proposed method will have better performance than the conventional MMSE detectors with the use of white noise in each subchannel.
To design the MMSE detector 
for the 
th user, the following minimum mean-square error detection problem must be solved:
The solution of optimal detector with consideration of colored noise in (36) is as follows:
where
From (37)–(41), the optimal MMSE detector is necessary to know the parameters of 
, 
, and the variance 
of the driving noise. These parameters can be obtained from the proposed RML-based parameter-tracking algorithm in (27)-(28). However, the current channel parameter is unavailable before the current data detection and the previous estimates are no longer suitable for the current data detection in the fast fading channel. Therefore, the current channel is predicted by feeding the previous two estimates of the RML-based tracking algorithm for the one-step ahead linear trend channel prediction in (31) (see Figure 2). Thus, the parameters fed for the MMSE detection are obtained from the one-step linear trend predictor. By DFT, the parameter prediction is obtained as
where 
and 
are obtained from the one-step linear trend prediction in (32). Let us denote that
Therefore, the MMSE detector in (37) is reformulated as
The optimal MMSE detector is obtained by using the proposed RML-based channel-tracking algorithm in association with the one-step linear trend predictor as shown in Figure 2. Finally, the merits of the proposal adaptive decision-directed channel-estimation method are listed in Table 1.
4.4. Performance Analysis for the Proposed Detection Method
Performance of the symbol-detection method is evaluated in this subsection. From (37), the output of the MMSE equalizer for user 
is
Therefore, the average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the output for user 
is
Finally, the decision output of the 
th symbol for user 
is the following:
where 
denotes the sign function of a decision choice.
For simplicity of analysis, only the case of BPSK will be considered. Assuming that the total interference in (46) can be approximated by a joint Gaussian distribution with zero mean, the symbol detection error probability of user 
for the 
th symbol can be approximated as [31]
where 
for 
.
5. Performance Evaluation by Computer Simulation
Extensive computer simulations are given to demonstrate the performance of the proposed RML channel estimator. Before presenting the simulation results, the parameters of the simulated MC-CDMA systems are described in the following.
5.1. Parameters of MC-CDMA Systems
Table 2 lists the power delay profile in the urban area with the RMS delay 
. If the coherent bandwidth is defined as the bandwidth over which the frequency correlation function is above 0.9, the coherence bandwidth 
is approximated to 
[32]. The central frequency 
is 1.8 GHz in the MC-CDMA system. The total bandwidth 
is 1.024 MHz which is divided into 512 subchannels. The subchannel spacing is then 
 kHz. An additional 8
guard interval duration is used to provide protection from ISI due to channel multipath delay spread. The length of the adopted Walsh-Hadamard code is 
chips. Thus, the MC-CDMA system can support the maximum number of active users 
. It is also assumed that the channel remains approximately constant during one MC symbol period. In the following simulations, the data modulation scheme is QPSK.
5.2. Simulation Results
The following examples are simulated for 50 runs, and each run with 2000 MC-CDMA symbols. The number of active user is 32. The forgetting factor 
is 0.995. The initial value of 
is a unitary matrix. In all cases, we normalize the gain of delay paths so that
Performance of the proposed method is compared with other methods in several situations.
5.2.1. Slow Velocity
The velocity is 10 km/hr (the fading rate 
) in this simulation. The proposed method without one-step predictor is used in this situation. The symbol-error rate (SER) versus signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is illustrated in Figure 3. It can be seen that the SER of the MMSE detector with perfect channel estimation is a lower bound. In the 2D pilot-symbol-aided channel estimation [12], the spaces between pilots in the time domain are chosen according to coherence time 
[32] if the coherent time is defined as the time over which the correlation function is above 0.5. The spaces between pilots in the frequency domain are chosen based on the coherence bandwidth 
. A frequency-domain channel estimator introduced in [18] is Kalman filter with a decision-directed scheme. Since the frequency-domain channel estimator has no immunity to colored noise, its performance is the worst of the four methods. The conventional RLS can estimate the channel parameters but not the parameters of the colored noise. Therefore, it cannot achieve the MMSE detector and its performance is worse than the proposed method. The mean-square error (MSE) versus SNR is presented in Figure 4. The proposed RML estimator has the lowest MSE, and so its performance shown in Figure 3 is very close to the performance with the perfectly known channel.
Symbol-error rate (SER) for different channel-tracking methods in urban area.
MSE of different channel-tracking methods as v = 10 km/hr ( f d T = 0.0086) in urban area.
5.2.2. High Velocity
When the mobile station moves with high velocity, the channel will vary significantly in a symbol duration. The conventional decision-directed methods will fail in this situation because all of them feed the previous estimates to the MMSE detector for current detection. Based on the decision-directed RML-based channel-tracking algorithm, we further design a one-step channel predictor in Section 4 to overcome the delay problem. The SER and MSE of channel tracking using different methods with and without a one-step predictor are compared in Figures 5 and 6, in which the velocity 60 km/hr (
) is considered for the design procedure. It is obvious that the proposed RML-based tracking method in association with a one-step channel predictor has the most accurate prediction of the current channel for current data detection when the channel is fast fading. Therefore, the SER of the proposed method is the lowest. When the SNR is below 8 dB, the MSE and SER of the frequency-domain Kalman filter are worst because it feeds the previous estimates to the MMSE detector.
Symbol-error rate (SER) for different channel-tracking methods as v km/hr ( f d T = 0.0516) in urban area.
MSE of different channel-tracking methods as v = 60 km/hr (
in urban area.
5.2.3. Different Velocities with Fixed SNR
The performances of different estimation methods are compared when the mobile station moves at different velocities with 
 dB, as shown in Figure 7. The proposed method without one-step predictor has the best performance with slow velocity because the channel variation is slow. However, when the mobile moves with high velocity, the proposed method with a one-step channel predictor has the most accurate prediction of current channel for the current MMSE detection.
MSE of channel tracking versus speed of user.
From these simulation results, the MMSE detector with the proposed time-domain RML-based channel-tracking algorithm and the one-step channel prediction can significantly improve the performance of MC-CDMA under the fast fading channel and colored noise. They are useful for practical applications in the MC-CDMA communication systems.
6. Conclusions
This work has presented a channel-estimation method and an enhanced MMSE detector for an MC-CDMA system under the rapidly fading channel and colored noise. The proposed RML method can simultaneously estimate the parameters of channel and colored noise, and the variance of driving noise in the time domain with a simple scheme. The MMSE detector will be enhanced by using the estimated parameters. The proposed channel-estimation method can work in the time domain because the parameters of colored noise are estimated by using the residues generated in the process of the recursive channel-estimation algorithm. Another advantage is that the number of estimated parameters in the time domain is less than that in the frequency domain. Thus, the computational complexity can be significantly reduced by decreasing the number of estimated parameters. The decision-directed RML-based channel-tracking algorithm can reduce occupancy of the available bandwidth. Furthermore, a one-step linear trend channel predictor is proposed to feed more accurate channel parameters to MMSE detector for improving the current data detection. The MSE of the proposed channel-estimation scheme is improved and the SER is very close to the case with the perfectly known channel parameters. The proposed scheme provides better performance than the other methods for MC-CDMA systems under the rapidly fading channel and colored noise from simulation. It is because none of the conventional channel-estimation methods can estimate the parameters of colored noise in real time or they have other drawbacks, that is, occupying of large bandwidth, inaccuracy in the fast fading channel and under the colored noise, and so forth. Therefore, the proposed decision-directed RML-based channel-tracking method with a one-step linear trend channel predictor is very useful for MC-CDMA systems over rapidly Rayleigh fading channel with colored noise.
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Yang, CY., Chen, BS. Adaptive Channel-Tracking Method and Equalization for MC-CDMA Systems over Rapidly Fading Channel under Colored Noise. EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process. 2010, 871650 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/871650
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/871650