Skip to main content
  • Research Article
  • Open access
  • Published:

Diurnal Changes of Heart Rate and Sympathovagal Activity for Temporal Patterns of Transient Ischemic Episodes in 24-Hour Electrocardiograms

Abstract

We test the hypothesis that different temporal patterns of transient ST segment changes compatible with ischemia (ischemic episodes) are a result of different physiologic mechanisms responsible for ischemia. We tested the hypothesis using records of the Long-Term ST Database. Each record was divided into three intervals of records: morning, day, and night intervals; and was inserted into one of three sets according to the temporal pattern of ischemia: salvo, periodic, and sporadic pattern. We derived time- and frequency-domain parameters of the heart rate time series in selected intervals in the neighborhood of ischemic episodes. We used the adaptive autoregressive method with a recursive least-square algorithm for consistent spectral tracking of heart rate time series and to study frequency-domain sympathovagal behavior during ischemia. The results support the hypothesis that there are at least two distinct populations, which differ according to mechanisms and temporal patterns of ischemia.

References

  1. Andrews TC, Stone PH: Recent developments in the understanding and management of angina pectoris in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Current Opinion in Cardiology 1991,6(4):503-510. 10.1097/00001573-199108000-00004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Quyyumi AA: Current concepts of pathophysiology, circadian patterns, and vasoreactive factors associated with myocardial ischemia detected by ambulatory electrocardiography. Cardiology Clinics 1992,10(3):403-415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Jager F, Moody GB, Mark RG: Characterization of transient ischemic and non-ischemic ST segment changes. Proceedings of 22th Annual Meeting on Computers in Cardiology, September 1995, Vienna, Austria 721–724.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Taddei A, Distante G, Emdin M, et al.: The European ST-T database: standard for evaluating systems for the analysis of ST-T changes in ambulatory electrocardiography. European Heart Journal 1992,13(9):1164-1172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Jager F, Moody GB, Antolič G, Mašič D, Mark RG: Sympatho-vagal correlates of transient ischemia in ambulatory patients. Proceedings of 24th Annual Meeting on Computers in Cardiology, September 1997, Lund, Sweden 387–390.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Jager F, Taddei A, Moody GB, et al.: Long-term ST database: a reference for the development and evaluation of automated ischaemia detectors and for the study of the dynamics of myocardial ischaemia. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing 2003,41(2):172-182. 10.1007/BF02344885

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Smrdel A, Jager F: Diurnal changes of heart rate and sympatho-vagal activity for temporal patterns of transient ischemia. Proceedings of 32th Annual Meeting on Computers in Cardiology, September 2005, Lyon, France 857–860.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Bianchi AM, Mainardi L, Petrucci E, Signorini MG, Mainardi M, Cerutti S: Time-variant power spectrum analysis for the detection of transient episodes in HRV signal. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 1993,40(2):136-144. 10.1109/10.212067

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Akay M: Biomedical Signal Processing. Academic Press, San Diego, Calif, USA; 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Bluman AG: Elementary Statistics: A Brief Version. 3rd edition. MacGraw-Hill, New York, NY, USA; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Press WH, Teukolsky SA, Vetterling WT, Flannery BP: Numerical Recipes in C++, the Art of Scientific Computing. 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Mass, USA; 2002.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  12. Gamero LG, Vila J, Palacios F: Wavelet transform analysis of heart rate variability during mycardial ischaemia. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing 2002,40(1):72-78. 10.1007/BF02347698

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Parker JD, Testa MA, Jimenez AH, et al.: Morning increase in ambulatory ischemia in patients with stable coronary artery disease: importance of physical activity and increased cardiac demand. Circulation 1994,89(2):604-614.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. van Boven AJ, Brouwer J, Crijns HJGM, Haaksma J, Lie KI: Differential autonomic mechanisms underlying early morning and daytime transient myocardial ischaemia in patients with stable coronary artery disease. British Heart Journal 1995,73(2):134-138. 10.1136/hrt.73.2.134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Quyyumi AA, Panza JA, Diodati JG, Lakatos E, Epstein SE: Circadian variation in ischemic threshold: a mechanism underlying the circadian variation in ischemic events. Circulation 1992,86(1):22-28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Goseki Y, Matsubara T, Takahashi N, Takeuchi T, Ibukiyama C: Heart rate variability before the occurrence of silent myocardial ischemia during ambulatory monitoring. American Journal of Cardiology 1994,73(12):845-849. 10.1016/0002-9149(94)90807-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Cerutti S, Bianchi AM, Mainardi LT: Advanced spectral methods for detecting dynamic behaviour. Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical 2001,90(1-2):3-12. 10.1016/S1566-0702(01)00261-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Kop WJ, Verdino RJ, Gottdiener JS, O'Leary ST, Bairey Merz CN, Krantz DS: Changes in heart rate and heart rate variability before ambulatory ischemic events. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2001,38(3):742-749. 10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01451-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Bertolet BD, Pepine CJ: The vascular endothelium as a key to understanding coronary spasm and syndrome X. Current Opinion in Cardiology 1991,6(4):496-502. 10.1097/00001573-199108000-00003

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A Smrdel.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License (https://doi.org/creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Smrdel, A., Jager, F. Diurnal Changes of Heart Rate and Sympathovagal Activity for Temporal Patterns of Transient Ischemic Episodes in 24-Hour Electrocardiograms. EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process. 2007, 032386 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1155/2007/32386

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2007/32386

Keywords